apIfnte¡v

tIc s^Uv

sX§p Irjn¡msc klIcW ASnØm\¯n kwLSn¸n¨pw Dev¸mZ\hpw Dev¸mZ\£aXbpw DbÀ¯pXn\mhiyamb D]m[nIfpw tkh\§fpw e`yam¡nbpw \mfotIc IÀjIcpsS hcpam\w hÀ²n¸n¡pIbmWv tIcs^Unsâ apJye£yw. Xncph\´]pcw tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ tIcs^Uv kwØm\s¯m«msI \S¸nem¡p Cu ]cn]mSnIÄ bqtdm]y³ km¼¯nI kaql¯nsâbpw tZiob klIcW hnIk\ tImÀ¸tdjsâbpw klmbt¯msSbmWv \S¸m¡p¶Xv. kw`cn¡p¶ sIm{] kwkvIcn¡pXn\v tIcs^Unsâ B`napJy¯nepÅ BZys¯ \mfotIc kwkvIcW ime Icp\mK¸Ånbn {]hÀ¯\w Bcw`n¨n«p­v. tIcs^Unsâ Dev¸amWv "tIc" shfns¨®.

tIcf At{KmsajnWdn tImÀ¸tdj³

FdWmIpfw PnÃbnse A¯mWnbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Cu Øm]\w ]hÀSnÃÀ t]mepÅ ImÀjnI bt{´m]IcW§Ä \nÀ½n¨p hcp¶p. ImÀjnI bt{´m]IcW§Ä D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\v IÀjIÀ¡v ]cnioe\hpw e`yam¡p¶p­v.

\mfotIc hnIk\ t_mÀUv

\mfotIcIrjn A`nhr²ns¸Sp¯p¶Xv e£yam¡n tI{µIrjnhIp¸nsâ Iogn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Cu Øm]\w sIm¨n tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶p. \mfotIcIrjn IqSpX {]tZit¯bv¡v hym]n¸n¡p¶Xn\pw sNdpInS IÀjIcpsS sX§n³ tXm«§fn kwtbmPnX Irjn \S¸m¡p¶Xn\pw PetkN\kuIcyw sa¨s¸Sp¯pXn\pw t_mÀUv klmbw \evInhcp¶p.

¹mtâj³ tImÀ¸tdj³

tIm«bw tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ tImÀ¸tdjsâ Iogn dºÀ tXm«§Ä, tImgnt¡mSv, XrÈpÀ, FdWmIpfw, ]¯\wXn« PnÃIfn \S¯nhcp¶Xn\p ]pdta Iipamhv Irjn sa¨s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\pfv _rl¯mb ]²Xn ae¸pdw, I®qÀ PnÃIfn \S¸m¡p¶p­v. dºdpw dºÀ XSnbpw D]tbmKn¨pÅ Dev¸§fpw \nÀ½n¨p hcp¶p.

sk³{S Cât{KäUv s]Ìvamt\Pvsaâv skâÀ

sIm¨n tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Cu Øm]\w ImÀjnIhnfIfpsS IoStcmK_m[IÄ ^e{]Zambn \nb{´n¡p¶Xn\v Bhiyamb Xo{hbXv\ ]cn]mSnIÄ kwLSn¸n¡m³ kwØm\ IrjnhIp¸n\v th­ klmbw e`yam¡p¶p.

sk³{SÂ tÌäv ^mw

tÌäv ^mwkv tImÀ¸tdj³ Hm^v C³UybpsS Iogn I®qÀ PnÃbnse Bdf¯v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Cu Øm]\w tIcf¯nsebpw AbÂkwØm\§fnsebpw IÀjIÀ¡mhiyamb {][m\ tXm«hnfIfpsSbpw ImÀjnI hnfIfpsSbpw KpWta·bpÅ \So hkvXp¡fpw hn¯n\§fpw Dev]mZn¸n¨p hnev]\ \S¯p¶p.

[m\ykwc£W ]²Xn

tI{µ `£yhIp¸nsâ Iogn Xncph\´]pc¯v t]cqÀ¡S tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶p. B[p\nI [m\ykwc£WcoXnIfn IÀjIÀ¡v ]cnioe\]cn]mSnIÄ kwLSn¸n¡pXn\p ]pdsa IrjnbnS§fnepw IÀjI `h\§fnepw Fen\ioIcW {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯pI, \nehnepÅ [m\ykw`cWnIÄ \hoIcn¡pI, sa¨s¸« temlkw`cWnIÄ hnXcWw sN¿pI XpS§nbh Cu Øm]\¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\ e£y§fnÂs¸Sp¶p.

apIfnte¡v

Hmbn ]mw C³Uy

kwØm\ Khsaânsâ Iogn tIm«bw tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Cu Øm]\w F®¸\¡rjn hnIk\w e£yam¡nbpÅ ]cn]mSnIÄ \S¸m¡nhcp¶p.

amÀ¡äv s^Uv

sIm¨nbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ kwØm\ klIcW amÀ¡änwKv s^Utdj³ tIcf¯nse {]mYanI amÀ¡änMv Øm]\§fpsS tI{µ Øm]\ambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. IpcpapfIv, Gew, C©n, {Km¼q, aªÄ, Idph¸«, sIm{] F¶nhbv¡p ]pdta {]apJ Øm]\§Ä DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶ cmkhf§fpw IoS\min\nIfpw hnXcWw sNbvXphcp¶p.

dºÀ t_mÀUv

tI{µKhsaânsâ Iogn tIm«bw BØm\am¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ dºÀ t_mÀUv dºÀ IrjnbpsS hnIk\w e£yam¡n {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶p. CXn\p]pdta dºÀIrjn BZmbIcam¡p¶Xp kw_Ôn¯ ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnIfpw IÀjIÀ¡p th­n dºÀ t_mÀUv \S¸m¡p¶p­v.

kvss]Êv t_mÀUv

tI{µKhsaânsâ Iogn \nehnencp¶ Gew t_mÀUpw kpKÔhnf IbäpaXn Iuknepw kwtbmPn¸n¨v cq]oIcn¨ Cu Øm]\w sIm¨n tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. kpKÔ hnfIfpsS Irjn A`nhr²ns¸Sp¯pI, ChbpsS IbäpaXn hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xv e£yam¡nbpÅ ]cn]mSnIÄ BhnjvIcn¡pI, IbäpaXn sN¿p¶ kpKÔhnfIfpsS KpWta· Dd¸phcp¯pXn\v ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnIÄ kwLSn¸n¡pI XpS§nbh t_mÀUnsâ {]hÀ¯\ e£y§fnÂs¸Sp¶p.

klIcW £oc hn]W\ s^Utdj³ (anÂa)

Xncph\´]pcw BØm\am¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ kwØm\ klIcW an¡v amÀ¡änMv s^Utdj³, £otcm¸mZIÀ D¸mZn¸n¡p¶ ]m kw`cn¡pIbpw imkv{Xobambn kwkvIcn¨v hn]W\w \S¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p. "B\µ v" amXrIbn IÀjIÀ¡v ]¦mfn¯apÅ £ockwL§fneqsS £otcmev]mZ\¯n\pÅ ASnØm\kuIcy§Ä e`yam¡pI KpWta·bpÅ Imen¯oäIÄ e`yam¡pI, hnhn[ `mK§fn ]m kwkvIcWtI{µ§Ä Øm]n¡pI XpS§nbhbmWv Cu Øm]\¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\ e£y§Ä.

I¶pImen hnIk\ t_mÀUv

Xncph\´]pcw BØm\am¡n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Cu Øm]\w I¶pImenIfpsS hÀ¤KpWw sa¨s¸Sp¯pXn\pÅ {]P\\ ]cn]mSnIÄ¡v Bhiyamb ASnØm\ kuIcy§Ä e`yam¡n hcp¶p. t_mÀUnsâ NpaXebnemWv kwØm\¯pS\ofw {]hÀ¯n¡p imkvXob _oPk¦e\ tI{µ§Ä¡v KmVioXoIrX_oPw e`yam¡p¶Xv. CXn\mbn t_mÀUnsâ B`napJy¯n _oP_m¦pIfpw {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶p. imkv{Xobamb Xoä¸pÂIrjn¡pth­ hn¯n\§fpw t_mÀUv e`yam¡p¶p­v. B[p\nI I¶pImen hÀtKm²mcW {]hÀ¯\§fn hnZKvZ ]cnioe\w \ÂIp¶Xn\pÅ kwhn[m\hpw t_mÀUv GÀs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.

tImgn hfÀ¯Â hnIk\ tImÀ¸tdj³

ASp¯Ime¯v cq]oIrXamb tImÀ¸tdj³ Xncph\´]pcw BØm\am¡nbmWv {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv. kwØm\¯v tImgnhfÀ¯Â sa¨s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v ASnØm\ kuIcy§Ä hnIkn¸n¡pIbpw Cd¨nbpsSbpw ap«bpsSbpw aäpw D]t`mKw hÀ²n¸n¨v kwØm\s¯ P\§fpsS BtcmKy\nehmcw sa¨s¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿pI F¶nh tImÀ¸tdjsâ e£y§fmWv.

\mjW koUvkv tImÀ¸tdj³

tI{µ Khsaânsâ IognepÅ Cu tImÀ¸tdjsâ taJem Hm^okv Xncph\´]pc¯v {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶p. hnhn[ hnfIfpsS KpWta·bpÅ hn¯n\§Ä h³tXmXn Dev¸mZn¸n¨v IÀjIÀ¡v e`yam¡pIbmWv. tImÀ¸tdjsâ apJy {]hÀ¯\ e£yw.

^mIvSv (FACT)

tI{µ Khsaâv DSabn FdWmIpfw PnÃbn Bephmbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ cmkhf \nÀ½mW Øm]\amWnXv. IÀjIÀ¡mhiyamb t\Àhf§fpw Iq«phf§fpw h³tXmXn Dev]mZn¸n¨v hnXcWw sNbvXphcp¶p. \qX\ IrjncoXnIsf¡pdn¨v IÀjI\v Adnhp \ÂIp¶Xn\mbn Irjn hnRvPm\ tI{µ§fpw {Kmaw Zs¯Sp¡Â ]²Xnbpw ^mIvSv \S¸nem¡n hcp¶p.

C³Uy³ s]m«mjv

s]mXptaJem Øm]\amb C³Uy³ s]m«mjv enanäUv, s]m«mjv hf§fpsS hnXcWhpw D]t`mKhpw hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xv e£yam¡nbpÅ ]cn]mSnIÄ \S¸nem¡nhcp¶p. cmkhf§fpsS Imcy£aamb D]tbmKcoXnIfn Adnhv \ÂIp¶Xntebv¡v IÀjI k¼À¡]cn]mSn C³Uy³ s]m«mjv \S¸nem¡nhcp¶p.

tlmÀ«n¡Ä¨d t{]mUIvSvkv Uhe]vsaâv tImÀ¸tdj³

1989þ cq]oIcn¡s¸« Cu tImÀ¸tdj³ Xncph\´]pcw tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¨phcp¶p. ^ehÀ¤§Ä, ]¨¡dnIÄ, ]pjv]§Ä, Ae¦mc kky§Ä F¶nhbpsS Irjn Bkq{XnXamb coXnbn kwLSn¸n¡pIbpw AXn\pth­ ASnØm\kuIcy§Ä IÀjIÀ¡v e`yam¡pIbpw sN¿pI tImÀ¸tdjsâ apJy e£yamWv. IÀjIÀ Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶ ]g§fÄ¡pw ]¨¡dnIÄ¡pw hn]W\ kuIcytaÀs¸Sp¯pIbpw kwkvIcWimeIÄ Bcw`n¡pIbpw IbäpaXn e£yam¡n ]pjv]§fpsS Irjnbn ]cnioe\w \ÂIpIbpw sN¿pI F¶nh tImÀ¸tdjsâ {]hÀ¯\]cn[nbnÀs]Sp¶p.